African Civilizations And The Spread Of Islam - 1745 Words

Cornell Notes Topic/Objective: Chapter 8:African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam Name: Maddy Garza Class/Period: 4B Date: September 18, 2015 African Societies: Diversity and Similarities – Stateless Societies - Common Elements in African Societies The Arrival of Islam in North Africa The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Kingdom of the Grasslands Sudanic States The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the â€Å"Lion Prince† City Dwellers and Villagers The Songhay Kingdom Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States Swahili Coast of East Africa The Coastal Trading Ports The Mixture of Cultures Peoples of the Forest and Plains: Artists and Kings; Yoruba and Benin Central African Kingdoms The Kingdoms of Kongo and Mwene Mutapa †¢ 800-1500 C.E. Byzantium and Islamic contact outside of Africa increased with assistance from changes in social, religious and technology †¢ Islam spreads to India reveals religious, commercial and military attributes †¢ Muslim Africa linked to Islamization through politics, trade and religion. †¢ 1450 – Islam provides contact between sub-Saharan Africa and the world. †¢ Mali and Songhay dependent on military power more so than in cultural unity. †¢ Differences between technology and ideology †¢ Lack of political unity in Africa caused byShow MoreRelatedAfrican Civilizations And The Spread Of Islam1114 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican civilizations and the spread of Islam The lower part of Africa below the Sahara, that area was never really isolated but it was hard and difficult to contact. Between 800 and 1500 C.E the contact with the â€Å"outside world† grew intensely. â€Å"Social, religious and technological changes took place that influenced many of the different people throughout the vast and varied continent.† Meaning that there was a lot of changes that helped transform the continent to what it is today. â€Å"African societiesRead MoreSpread of Islam in West Africa by Professor Abdur-Rahman I Doi649 Words   |  3 Pagesresearching, lecturing and administration in African societal studies. In his article â€Å"Spread of Islam in West Africa†, he traced the path that Islam as a new religion went throw before it spread into sub-Saharan region of West Africa focusing on the Empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay, the Empires of Kanem-Bornu and Hausa-Fulani Land. He described the influence of Islam on the â€Å"Dyaogo dynasty of the Kingdom of Tekur†, who were the first black people accept Islam in 850C.E. They use to work in trades andRead MoreThe Nation Of Gods And Earths901 Words   |  4 Pagesimpacting African American culture and religious beliefs since its founding in 1964. The Five Percent Nation has empowered African American people through its belief that a black man being his own god and that black people are the mothers and fathers of civilization on Earth. The Nation of Gods and Earths was founded in 1964 by Clarence 13X. Clarence 13X, a former student of Malcolm X, was a prominent figure inside Nation of Islam during the early 1960s. Clarence 13X left the Nation of Islam afterRead MoreThe Greek And Greek Influence Of The Roman Empire1604 Words   |  7 PagesAnother empire would soon take many influences from the Greeks. In Rome, an empire was beginning to rise. Roman civilization had its roots in Hellenistic culture because they idolized them. They borrowed and enhanced upon the Greek intellectual accomplishments. As the empire expanded this would become increasingly important. As the Romans continued to expand their empire and influence, they were also spreading the culture of those who influenced them—the Greeks. The Roman Empire at their peak hadRead Morechanges in Africa from 500 C.E to 1500 C.E783 Words   |  4 Pagesover time in West Africa from the migration of Islam bringing its new faith, rituals, and establishme nt of a greater connection with the outside world through trade and cultural diffusion. However the unique African religion that existed beforehand was still retained; the African culture still believing in animism and polytheism even after the spread of Islam. From 1000-1500 CE the role of religion has seen changes and continuities influenced by the spread of foreign territories, economics, and political/socialRead MoreThe Change to Trade Routes Over Time926 Words   |  4 Pagestrade networks between African and Eurasia remained very important during this time period by means of the trade networks contributions to the Afro-Eurasian world. The ebb and flow of trade between Africa and Eurasia during the period 300 to 1450 C.E really reflects the struggles and fortunes of the three dominant religions in the area; Christianity, Buddhism and an upstart known as Islam. Although Christianity and Buddhism were well established by this time, the growth of Islam was a catalyst to manyRead MoreThe Effects of the Expansion in the Post Classical Period: the Islamic Civilization1702 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Classical Period: The Islamic Civilization The â€Å"Post-Classical Period,† was a time of change, expansion, and vast cultural diffusion. The Islamic civilization is a group that emerged from the Semitic groups of southwestern Asia, and moved to the Arabian peninsula in tribes, known as the Bedouin tribes, due to lack of water and food. The Islamic Civilization encountered the cultures of the Europeans, Asians and Africans, and connected into these civilizations because of the spread of the Muslim religionRead MoreQuestion One. What Affected The ‘Variety Of Africa’S Historical1054 Words   |  5 Pagesput a halt to the continuous drain of scarce labor and paved the way for the expansion of land concentrated forms of agriculture, and engaging smallholders, estates, and communal farms. The establishment of the colonial rule over the African interior reinforced African commodity growth in export. The colonial control facilitated the construction induced significant inflows of European investment, transpo rtation pavements, and profound changes in labor and land markets. Colonial regimes and settlementsRead MoreAncient Islamic Worlds And The Medieval Period1434 Words   |  6 Pages In many of the civilizations that have ever controlled apart of the world, have done some kind of trading in their history. This trading could be man-made, food, spices, or even more idea ridden things like ideology, movements, and idealism s. Although the trading of the man made things are easier than the idealism that are trades, those idealism still can and has effected a lot of civilizations. In Ancient Islamic worlds, the Byzantium Empire, and even during the medieval timer period they allRead MoreMali : The Largest Country1246 Words   |  5 Pageson camel and trade with the others soon they traded more than just gold. They traded spices, silk, luxury, and even peacock feathers. This went on for six years and everyone in Ghana lived happily. 5. Tanzania - Tanzania is located near the great African lakes. It has Congo on its left and Zambia and Malawi on its right. The highest mountains are located in Tanzania and it is the largest mountains throughout the whole West Africa. In 1964 it became the united republic of Tanzania. In 1961 before the

Can You Think Of A Time When Someone Presumed That You

Can you think of a time when someone presumed that you had a characteristic, either positive or negative, based on a group to which you belong without knowing you as an individual? Are you aware of ever having judged someone inaccurately? Unconscious biases are a fact of life. We all harbor them—and take them into the workplace. Unconscious Bias (also known as hidden bias or implicit bias) refers to bias that we are unaware of, and which happens outside of our control. It is a bias that happens automatically and is triggered by our brain making quick judgments and assessments of people and situations, influenced by our background, cultural environment, and personal experiences. Numerous studies since the 1980s have confirmed that people†¦show more content†¦And a third filter tempts us to accept information that confirms our beliefs about people who are different from us and to reject information that contradicts those beliefs. Explicit biases (also known as conscious biases) are evident in what people say and do, and chances are those who have such prejudices are aware of them. The manager who talks negatively about â€Å"the millennials† knows she holds the younger generation in low regard. The person who uses racist slurs doesn’t try to hide his dislike of other races. The executive who believes women shouldn’t be in leadership roles avoids recommending a female subordinate for promotion. These biases are all on the surface. Consequently, it’s relatively easy to see the connection between these individuals’ prejudices and their behavior in the workplace. Not so with implicit or unconscious biases. Without realizing it, we may prefer to associate with younger people rather than older people, or enjoy the company of women more than men, or react more harmoniously to people of our own race. More concerning: we may unconsciously associate one group with positive stereotypes and another group with negative ones. Recent studies in psychology suggest that we all have implicit biases and that these biases influence our decisions. Deep prejudices or stereotypes imparted by upbringing, culture and mass media that influence our perceptions about people and our behavior toward them. Skin color, gender, age are generallyShow MoreRelatedRelationships, Fate, And Freewill Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pages Sophomore Honors English Summer Assignment Period 3 Relationships, Fate, and Freewill Relationships aren’t just a romantic pairing between two people. A platonic friendship can be a form of a relationship. Student and teacher, boss and employee, business owner and customer are all examples of relationships. I feel that this thematic unit will represent relationships between different types of people, and also different type of relationships such as physical and emotional. For me, relationshipsRead MoreShould The Sale Of Organs Become Legalized?1494 Words   |  6 Pagesobligation to ensure that every race, culture, ethnicity or economical background has equal access to medical benefits. So is there an alternative solution to this growing crisis? One main alternative is the presumed consent system that is in place in a few countries around the world. Presumed consent is known as an opt-out system and means that unless the deceased has expressed a wish in life not to be an organ donor then consent will be assumed and their organs will be donated. Currently th ereRead MoreGovernment Overseeing A Compensation Donation System2300 Words   |  10 Pagesideal answer. Others have suggested something else that’s already in play at the EU. In the late 1990’s many European Union countries adopted the â€Å"presumed consent† idea, the concept is that when you die your organs are automatically donated unless the donor objects and expresses that they do not want to donate their organs. The countries with the â€Å"presumed consent† concept have seen a significant rise in organ donations, some countries have even almost been able to match the need for organs with theRead MoreThe Dead Poets Society s Central Theme875 Words   |  4 PagesKeating. Theme: As the film progresses, it becomes readily apparent that each primary character faces a challenge. These conflicts help suggest a theme, or central message, that the author and director are trying to impart to the audience. What do you consider to be Dead Poets Society‘s central theme? The Dead Poets Society’s major theme is Carpe Diem or seize the day. This was the message that Mr. Keating sent to all of his students through his lessons. He wanted them to stand out, find out whoRead MoreOnline Dating Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagescannot meet someone in their everyday lives so they turn to the internet to find a prospective partner, people us the internet as a way of meeting new people Online dating has become the new way of finding your soul mate The internet has made dating more convenient you no longer to have to go out to a bar and spend money trying to impress or you really don’t have, for people who are shy this is the perfect way to screen a potential in the privacy. I thought I would never talk to someone online norRead MoreEssay Prejudice Towards Men With Long Hair619 Words   |  3 Pagesethnicity. Another type of prejudice is when someone is judged strictly by the way they look. One firm example would be men having long hair. To many peop le, this type seems eccentric; however, it is more typical than presumed. I have witnessed this type of prejudice firsthand. My boyfriend has longer hair than I and for this reason, he has been discriminated against many times. For instance, many people assume he uses drugs because he has long hair. One example is when I was told that I shouldnt dateRead MoreIllness Narrative Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesin class is an experience that I do not think I could ever forget. Listening to people share their raw emotions and stories of struggle and illness was eye opening, My own illness narrative could be described as a quest narrative and more specifically an automythology. This is because as I stated in my presentation, I became a better person, adopted skills that helped me deal with my father’s illness, understood what it is like to have someone close to you change due to a disease. The illness narrativeRead MoreThe Problem Of Drinking And Driving1608 Words   |  7 Pages(ages 16-20) are 17 times more likely to die in a crash when they have a bloo d alcohol concentration of .08% than when they have not been drinking (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Adults and teenagers think it okay to still drink and drive, because people believe they are less drunk than they actually are (â€Å"ReachOut.com†). If someone is drinking and they end up getting drunk, in their head, they believe they can do more than what they actually can do. They feel confident they can drive extra carefullyRead MoreBurning Up by Caroline B. Cooney Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesarson walks by smoking, and seeing the open cans of paint and turpentine, throws a match into the church. Setting it into blazes. The whole group, including, Macey, Austin, Venita, Lindsay, Grace, Chamique, and Davonn. They end up getting stuck because of a fire exit being blocked from the outside, because a few weeks before a 4 year old was stabbed by an intruder who got in this way. Macey’s hair caught fire while she was running out. Austin, put it out in time to save her face from burning with hisRead MoreEthical: Research and Manufacturing Company1065 Words   |  5 Pagessurvey? I do not think it is ethical for a manufacturing company to invent a fictitious research company. I think 3 things that are not good can come from it. The first thing is the manufacturing company might not have the expertise in surveys. Second is there a point to the survey or to test loyalties. Third is the amount of distrust that comes from creating a fictitious company. If distributors ever learn about this then there can be major problems with trust and relationships. When thinking about

Troilus and Cressida Essay Example For Students

Troilus and Cressida Essay A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare ULYSSES: Time hath, my lord, a wallet at his back,Wherein he puts alms for oblivion,A great-sized monster of ingratitudes. Those scraps are good deeds past, which are devouredAs fast as they are made, forgot as soonAs done. Perseverance, dear my lord,Keeps honor bright; to have done, is to hangQuite out of fashion, like a rusty mailIn monumental mockry. Take the instant way;For honor travels in a strait so narrowWhere one but goes abreast. Keep, then, the path;For emulation hath a thousand sonsThat one by one pursue. If you give way,Or hedge aside from the direct forthright,Like to an entred tide they all rush byAnd leave you hindmost; Then what they do in present,Though less than yours in past, must oertop yours;For time is like fashionable host,That slightly shakes his parting guest by th hand,And with his arms outstretched, as he would fly,Grasps in the comer. The welcome ever smiles,And farewell goes out sighing. Let not virtue seekRemuneration for the thing it was. For beauty, wit,High birth, vigor of bone, desert in service,Love, friendship, charity, are subjects allTo envious and calumniating time.One touch of nature makes the whole world kin,That all with one consent praise new-born gawds,Though they are made and moulded of things past,And give to dust that is a little giltMore laud than gilt oer-dusted.The present eye praises the present object.Then marvel not, thou great and complete man,That all the Greeks begin to worship Ajax;Since things in motion sooner catch the eyeThat what not stirs. The cry went once on thee,And still it might, and yet it may again,If thou wouldst not entomb thyself aliveAnd case thy reputation in thy tent;Whose glorious deeds, but in these fields of late,Made emulous missions mongst the gods themselvesAnd drave great Mars to faction.

Media Deprivation Sample Essay Example For Students

Media Deprivation Sample Essay In today’s society about everyone is connected to some type of media whether they realize it or non. Media goes far beyond the typical computing machines. telecasting. wireless. or newspapers. In fact. media spans from picture taking and picture gambling to autos. planes. coachs and rinsing machines and vacuities. When challenged to strip myself from media for 8 consecutive hours. my first idea was that it was traveling to be impossible. Although it was hard at first to wholly cut myself off of what was so prevailing in my life. it was in fact possible. My first hr of the want started around one o’clock in the afternoon. To get down things off my fellow. Chris. and I made ourselves a delightful tiffin. We made jambon and turkey sandwiches with cheese. boodle. and tomatoes on a toasted whole wheat staff of life with honey mustard to add a small spot of a nip to it all. Chris besides made me caramel dark hot cocoa in his fancy Keurig java shaper. After we had sat down and finished our tiffin we walked to a nearby park. or at least I thought it was nearby when I was able to drive my auto. It turns out that what normally takes merely approximately 10 proceedingss driving ends up being about a half an hr walking. During our walk to Perinton Park. we played a game called xanthous auto. The nonsubjective if this game is to name out â€Å"yellow car† whenever you see one passing in the street. parked in a private road or parking batch or wherever one may be. The regulations to this game are that you can non name the auto if it is a company auto. if the auto is a xanthous clout roadster so it counts as two autos. and if you call a auto that is non xanthous. is a company auto. or the auto has been called by person else. you lose a point. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours whoever has the most points wins! Although it is instead difficult to larn all the regulations and to pick up all the xanthous autos. it is a fun manner to entertain yourself and to go through the clip while walking. Within my first hr of the media want my emotions were non any different than they were before I stared. Although my phone had been turned off for about an hr. I truly had no feeling to look into it or to turn it on to see what was go oning with my friends or household. I had no feelings of anxiousness or ennui like I predicted that I would. I as really experiencing reasonably good and was holding a merriment clip. When we eventually got to the park we sat down on one of my favourite xanthous vacillation benches and Chris drew a truly astonishing design. For about 45 proceedingss I sat in awe and watched him do swirling. elegant lines. He made about perfect circles in orange and green that were transformed into multiple peace marks. Zig-zags of blues and purples. random forms that poured onto the paper from his head had me mesmerized. We talked of class while he was pulling. but largely of small things like what my work agenda was or what yearss he had to work. We talked about school and our parents. about the dirt that people deal with when they are friends with certain people. I would look up from his paper filled with colour and inspiration and see an old married twosome walking down the canal way keeping custodies and walking their small old Canis familiaris. I would see a small male child of possibly 8 or 9 siting his motorcycle with assurance. right behind him was his male parent on his ain bike. What I saw reminded me of those old commercials for Kodak where it the announcer said it was a â€Å"Kodak minute. † To me. the scene that was playing out in the park was my really ain Kodak minute with all types of people brought together though one common involvement. this park. Vegetarianism EssayWe eventually got back place and decided that we would hold lemon crusted poulet with parmesan angel hair pasta. Not being able to utilize the cyberspace or cookery books to look up any formulas. we had to improvize. Our lemon crusted poulet was truly merely chicken with bread crumbs and lemon squeezed onto of it and our parmesan angel hair pasta was from a box so it was easy to boil H2O with some milk and so add the pasta and flavorer. Acerate leaf to state the poulet was non every bit appetizing as we had hoped but the pasta was instead delightful. By the clip we were done feeding and cleaned up the kitchen and did the dishes it was one-fourth to 8. We had a little more than an hr to kill and I was experiencing reasonably good about traveling all this clip without media. Despite acquiring frustrated when Chris reminded me that we weren’t allowed to utilize the computing machine to look up dinner formulas. I was pleased and proud of myself for traveling about 7 hours with no media of any sort. I was non really disquieted about what my friends might be believing since I hadn’t answered any messages that I might hold received. but I was a small disquieted about what my ma was believing. that was if she had even called or texted me. To go through the concluding stretch of this undertaking Chris and I played Clue and Monopoly. I non merely redeemed myself from the abashing public presentation during hoops but I dominated in both Clue and Monopoly. I deciphered the hints that resulted in Professor Plum being the liquidator in the kitchen with the lead saloon. Even though we were non able to complete our game of monopoly. we counted our monitory value in belongings and the sum of money we had left from the beginning and I besides beat Chris in that game every bit good. Equally shortly as nine o’clock struck I let out a suspiration of alleviation and said â€Å"I did it! † and stopped playing Monopoly. I was so happy that I was able to state that I had gone 8 hours with no media. The first thing I did was bend on my phone and delay for all the messages to come in. To my letdown. the lone message I had was from my female parent. Not merely was it merely organize my ma. but it was merely a one sentence message inquiring when I was traveling to be place. I realized that I was non that attached to media as I originally thought. I besides came to the decision that the lone existent ground I am on my phone so much is merely because I am bored and feel like I need to look busy. This feeling of holding to look busy or occupied comes from the of all time traveling of all time altering universe that engineering and media has created. Even in the younger coevalss it is socially engraved in us that we have to hold some kind of media with us at all times. If you do non hold a cell phone you aren’t â€Å"cool† if you don’t have the newest version of the iPod you’re labeled as outdated. Everyone needs to hold the biggest and the best. We need 50 telecastings when we go to a saloon so we can jostle nutrient in our oral cavities like a automaton while we get more amusement devouring the media we are exposed to than the nutrient that we are paying for. In all. media is ever around us and the lone true manner for us to ac quire off from it is to go cognizant of it all and to so take yourself from it.

Describe Your Essay With The Grade Sample Essays

Describe Your Essay With The Grade Sample EssaysOne of the best ways to learn how to write a descriptive essay is by using the thousands of sample essays available for college students who are taking their writing test in the The Grade. The questions asked in the Th Grade are usually much more difficult than the topics that students will be discussing on a regular basis in their academic classes. However, if you do not have experience writing descriptive essays, it is recommended that you find a class that provides sample essays for this very reason.Students are more likely to pass their Th Grade writing test if they have taken a class that includes sample essays. In addition, students often find that it is easier to focus their attention on one topic when they know there is a likely chance that they will come across some examples of their own essays. Sometimes, all that students need is the basic structure and style guidelines and they can write a truly impressive essay on their own . Since so many schools require descriptive essays, it is extremely important to find an instructor that offers sample essays for each topic that you plan to teach.The The Grade is a time when students must be creative and original. Therefore, it is imperative that they get as much practice writing creative essay samples as possible. This is the perfect opportunity for students to practice writing and gain experience in writing and be exposed to a wide variety of different styles of writing, such as scientific, factual, or even opinionated.Even though the Th Grade requires students to use their writing skills, they are still required to demonstrate their writing skills through the use of descriptive and analytic essay samples. It is a requirement that all students write descriptive essays that can easily be connected to the main topic of the essay and that a student can discuss a wide variety of topics without writing long essays. The Th Grade has been designed with this in mind.The first step in writing a descriptive essay that is successful and allows you to pass the Th Grade isto find a class that provides samples. There are numerous online sources for sample essays. You can even find a school that offers a free trial lesson that teaches students how to write descriptive essays for this particular test. Once you find a class that provides the Th Grade essay samples, your next step is to learn the tips that other students have found helpful in writing these types of essays.Some students learn the proper techniques that help them to organize their thoughts and avoid using the same thought patterns in their writing. Some other students learn the proper ways to structure their essay to make it look professional. Both of these strategies are essential for a successful essay. If you only know one or two tricks, you should never waste your time with them.Once you find a class that provides Th Grade descriptive essay samples, you should do some research on how to w rite successful ones. If you do not know how to properly structure an essay, you should read an example of a well-written descriptive essay so that you can pick up on a few tips that will help you achieve success. It is also a good idea to read up on the writing rules so that you will understand the general structure of a sentence. These are just a few tips that many students find useful.The Grade descriptive essay samples are an excellent resource for students. However, if you do not have experience writing a descriptive essay, it is recommended that you find a class that provides sample essays for this very reason. There are many online sources where you can find free samples of essays. You can also learn the correct way to structure an essay, the general structure of a sentence, and other helpful strategies that you can use in your own writing.

Beat or Beatnik essays

Beat or Beatnik essays Beats and Beatniks - two terms, conventionally related, but worlds apart in actuality. They represent almost total opposites and yet they are linked in the American conciousness in as intimate a way as possible. And what better way to study something than by comparing it to its opposite? And in that study we shall find and define two roles that, though entwined, are drastically different. The term beat was first used by Jack Kerouac in 1948 while talking to his friend Clellon Holmes: "So I guess you might say we're a beat generation." Holmes later wrote an article for the New York Times Magazine, entitled "The Beat Generation," saying: "The origins of the word 'beat' are obscure, but the meaning is only too clear to most Americans. More than mere weariness, it implies the feeling of having been used, of being raw. It involves a sort of nakedness of mind, and, ultimately, of soul; a feeling of being reduced to the bedrock of consciousness. In short, it means being undramatically pushed up against the wall of oneself. A man is beat whenever he goes for broke and wagers the sum of his resources on a single number; and the young generation has done that continually from early youth." ('This Is the Beat Generation':Despite its excesses, a contemporary insists, it is moved by a desperate craving for affirmative beliefs. By CLELLON HOLMES. New York Times. New York, N.Y.: Nov 16, 1952. pg. SM10, 4 pgs) Soon Ginsberg and Kerouac were emphasizing the "beatific" qualities of the word, making of it a mystical, transcendental experience. Ginsberg explained, "The point of Beat is that you get beat down to a certain nakedness where you actually are able to see the world in a visionary way, which is the old classical understanding of what happens in the dark night of the soul." (Scumacher, Dharma Lion, p. 261) Howl led the way; Kerouac's On the Road followed with unprecedented media attention; Burroughs' Naked Lunch, banned and vilified, brok...

Interpreting and Translation Essay Example

Interpreting and Translation Essay Example Interpreting and Translation Essay Interpreting and Translation Essay The Similarity and Differences between Translation and Interpreting 1. Similarity Both transferring the message from Source Language (SL) into Target Language (TL) Both retaining the message Both restructuring or reproducing Both having SLT and TLT Both having the target audience 2. Differences Translation , high and low pitch or tone in uttering words, etc. The Process of Interpreting There are 4 elements involve in the process of interpreting: the speaker the audience the message the interpreter The Process: (in TL) Messagesmessages†¦ (in SL) (1) (2)(3) (4) (1) Listening and understanding a spoken message of the Source Language ( (2) Storing/note-taking the message ( (3) Retrieving the message ( (4) Reproducing the message of the source language into the receptor language. Modes of Interpreting 1. Simultaneous Interpreting In simultaneous interpreting, the speaker and the interpreter speak almost at the same time. 2. Consecutive Interpreting In consecutive interpreting, the speaker speaks first, then after he/she finish his/her complete segment/speech, the interpreter takes the turn. Generally, during consecutive interpreting the speaker stops every 3-5 minutes (usually at the end of every paragraph or a complete thought) and the interpreter then steps in to transfer what was said into the receptor language. Model of Communication Flow in Consecutive Interpreting INTERPRETER SPEAKERAUDIENCE : indirect communication : direct communication Qualifications of a Good Interpreter An interpreter has to have knowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are to be interpreted. An interpreter has to have general erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures. For example: when a speaker talks about American agriculture, then the interpreter has to know about American agriculture. An interpreter has to have extensive vocabulary in both languages (SL and RL). An interpreter has to have the ability to express thoughts clearly (easily to understand) and concisely (in brief) in both languages. An interpreter has to have an excellent note taking technique for consecutive interpreting. An interpreter at least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting. In addition, in note taking of a paragraph uttered by a speaker, an interpreter has to be able to grab the main idea/topic of that paragraph. Therefore, the interpreter will understand what the paragraph that the speaker talks about. The Competencies Required for an Interpreter Language Competence A language competence is a good command of the source language and the receptor language which includes: ? Lexicon ? Grammatical structure ? Pronunciation Transfer Competence ? Ability to reproduce a variety of synonymous or analogous expressions in both language; ? Ability to capture and reproduce register variations; ? Ability to recognize and reproduce domain-specific expressions in a form which will be regarded as ‘natural’ by the respective users; ? Ability to combine verbal and non-verbal communication cues from the SL and reproduce them in appropriate combina tions in the RL; ? Ability to identify and exploit rhythm and tone patterns of languages in order to determine and utilize the ‘chunks’ of speech so as to maximize the efficiency of the interpreting; ? Ability to speedily analyze the utterance in the context of the communication in order to anticipate the direction in which the argument is proceeding and the strategy being used in developing the argument. Cultural Competence ? The possession of knowledge enabling the interpreter to comprehend the totality of the communicative intent of the speaker; ? Extra-linguistic knowledge about the world of the speaker and the audience; ? Social conventions, institutional practices, taboos, anthropologically and historically relevant elements of the cultures. Appropriate Technique ? Knowledge of the dynamic communication: ? Voice production (audible, clear, unambiguous); Good Short Term Memory ? The comprehension ability to store information; ? The ability to recall with a high degree of accuracy what the speaker has said. Professional Competence ? The ability to make independent judgments in terms of the linguistic, ethical, socio-cultural and effective issues which arise in an interpreted situation. The Skills Required for the Interpreter Listening skill: being able to ‘get the message’; Speaking skill: being able to ‘transmit the message’ (quality of voice, choice of idiom, vocabulary, phrasing, etc. ); Interpreting Ethics Impartiality: to carry out professional duties to the best of his/her ability regardless of who the clients are in terms of race, social and economic status, ethnicity, etc. In other words, the interpreter has to be fair and not taking side. Conflict of interest means to act without regard to other interests such as personal or financial gain. Things that Have to be Prepared in Becoming an Interpreter Be familiar with the subject of the conference and the subjects of speeches; Try to speak with the speaker and find out the general contents of speech and the time s/he intends to dedicate to the speech; Find copies of overhead transparencies, slides, or paper; Prepare a glossary for the interpretation to gather all the vocabulary which you might need for the job (terms, nouns, verbs, abbreviations, etc. ). ***